{"id":23424,"date":"2019-08-14T11:41:37","date_gmt":"2019-08-14T09:41:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/?p=23424"},"modified":"2019-08-14T11:41:37","modified_gmt":"2019-08-14T09:41:37","slug":"etnifikimi-i-politikes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/?p=23424","title":{"rendered":"ETNIFIKIMI I POLITIK\u00cbS"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Nga Nik\u00eb Gashaj<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Implozioni i socializmit ka shkuar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb simultane me\neksplodimin e nacionalizmit. Shkat\u00ebrrimi i socializmit, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht n\u00eb\nshoq\u00ebtrit\u00eb multietnike dhe shtetet federative, pjes\u00ebrisht ka qen\u00eb i shkaktuar,\ndhe gjithsesi i shpejtuar, n\u00ebn presionin e nj\u00eb vale t\u00eb re dhe t\u00eb fuqishme t\u00eb\nnacionalizmit. Nj\u00ebri nga historian\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb njohur, Erik Hobsbaum, nacionalzimin\nbashk\u00ebkohor postkomunist e ka quajtur nacionaliz\u00ebm separatist.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nga ana tjet\u00ebr, r\u00ebnia e socializmit ka pasur edhe dometh\u00ebnien e\nr\u00ebnies s\u00eb nj\u00eb sistemi t\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00eb t\u00eb vlerave, \u00e7ka nd\u00ebr t\u00eb tjera e ka hapur dhe\nshtuar kriz\u00ebn e identitetit kolektiv. Nacionalizmi \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb nj\u00ebri\nnga p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsit mbi kriz\u00ebn e identitetit kolektiv, q\u00eb i ka kapur shoq\u00ebrit\u00eb e\nshumta bashk\u00ebkohore. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00eb shoq\u00ebrit\u00eb ekskomuniste lider\u00ebt dhe elitat e reja politike e\nkan\u00eb grabitur at\u00eb resurs t\u00eb identitetit, t\u00eb cilin e kan\u00eb pasur m\u00eb s\u00eb af\u00ebrmi dhe\nm\u00eb s\u00eb lehti p\u00ebr ta aktivizuar. Mir\u00ebpo, duhet t\u00eb theksojm\u00eb se as masat nuk jan\u00eb\nkrejt\u00ebsisht t\u00eb pafajshme dhe sjelljet e tyre t\u00eb shpeshta militante, agresive\ndhe jotolerante, jan\u00eb s\u00eb gjithash ndaj pjes\u00ebtar\u00ebve t\u00eb kombeve t\u00eb tjera nuk mund\nt\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb shpjeguara dhe t\u00eb arsyetuara. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mobilizimi i resursit t\u00eb identitetit nacional ka qen\u00eb i mundur\nedhe p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb instrumentalizmit relativisht t\u00eb leht\u00eb t\u00eb ndjenjave nacionale\np\u00ebr send\u00ebrtimin e q\u00ebllimeve politike t\u00eb caktuar dhe para s\u00eb gjithash\nredistribuimin dhe alokacionin e ri t\u00eb forc\u00ebs politike dhe p\u00ebr vendosjen e\nformave t\u00eb reja t\u00eb dominimit politik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Teza e sociologut t\u00eb njohur politik nga Gjermania, Claus Offe, mbi\netnifikimin e politik\u00ebs (“ethnification of the politics”) n\u00eb nj\u00eb\nm\u00ebnyr\u00eb shum\u00eb adekuate e shpjegon at\u00eb \u00e7ka ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht ndodh n\u00eb shoq\u00ebrit\u00eb n\u00eb tranzicion.\nAutori n\u00eb fjal\u00eb tregon se etnifikimi i poltik\u00ebs paraqitet si di\u00e7ka tragjike n\u00eb\nmikroplanin individual dhe n\u00eb makroplanin kolektiv. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Teza mbi etnifikimin e politik\u00ebs e zhvler\u00ebson besimin, i cili ka\nqen\u00eb gjer\u00ebsisht i p\u00ebrhapur se koha e nacionalizmit ka kaluar p\u00ebrgjithmon\u00eb dhe\nse tani gjendemi n\u00eb periudh\u00ebn e shoq\u00ebrive multinacionale dhe multikulturore dhe\nq\u00eb po ashtu jemi n\u00eb prag t\u00eb er\u00ebs postnacionale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00eb qoft\u00ebse e pranojm\u00eb intenc\u00ebn e tez\u00ebs mbi etnifikimin e politik\u00ebs\nat\u00ebher\u00eb duhet t\u00eb pyesim, a ekzistojn\u00eb disa arsye t\u00eb thella t\u00eb rritjes s\u00eb re t\u00eb\nnacionalizmit, i cili gjith\u00ebsesi \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb evident n\u00eb vendet postkomuniste, por\nsi fenomen \u00ebsht\u00eb i pranish\u00ebm edhe n\u00eb shum\u00eb vende t\u00eb demokracis\u00eb per\u00ebndimore.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

           Manifestimi i p\u00ebrleshjeve nd\u00ebrnacionale si\nkonflikt i identiteve<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00eb kushtet e etnifikimit t\u00eb politk\u00ebs vijat kryesore t\u00eb ndarjeve\npolitike dhe format kryesore t\u00eb p\u00ebrleshjeve kryesore, b\u00ebhen konflikte t\u00eb\nidentiteteve kolektive. P\u00ebr dallim prej konflikteve t\u00eb zakonshme t\u00eb interesave\nt\u00eb ndryshme, konfliktet e identiteteve (n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast konfliktet etnike) kan\u00eb\ndisa cil\u00ebsi specifike, t\u00eb cilat kan\u00eb mundur t\u00eb v\u00ebrehen qart\u00eb n\u00eb map\u00ebn e\nkonflikteve t\u00eb ish Jugosllavis\u00eb socialiste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cil\u00ebsia e\npar\u00eb<\/strong> dhe m\u00eb e dukshme e konfliktit t\u00eb identiteteve n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsi,\nnd\u00ebrsa t\u00eb konflikteve etnike ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht, \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb ngarkes\u00eb e madhe\nemocionale, nj\u00eb novel i lart\u00eb i pasioneve dhe i ndjenjave t\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00ebve, ose\nt\u00eb shumic\u00ebs s\u00eb akter\u00ebve t\u00eb p\u00ebrzier n\u00eb konflikt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mu p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye ato lloje konfliktesh shpesh, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb jo\nadekuate, quhen konflikte iracionale. Ndarja sipas s\u00eb cil\u00ebs konflikti i\ninteresave materiale i takon grupit racional, nd\u00ebrsa konfliktet nd\u00ebretnike i\np\u00ebrksain grupit t\u00eb p\u00ebrleshjeve iracionale nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e sakt\u00eb, sepse nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb\nfjala mbi kund\u00ebrshtimet dhe dallimet mbi cil\u00ebsit\u00eb racionale apo iracionale t\u00eb\nkonflikteve, por p\u00ebr faktin se p\u00ebr kuptimin e konflikteve etnike komponenta\nracionale nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e mjaftueshme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u00ebrndryshe, emocionet dhe p\u00ebrmbajtjet e tjera t\u00eb pranishme mbi\nk\u00ebt\u00eb lloj t\u00eb konflikteve nuk duhet t\u00eb jen\u00eb, parimisht ato as nuk jan\u00eb\niracionale. E dyta<\/strong>, n\u00eb konfliktet e\nidentiteteve si ato individuale dhe kolektive, shpesh mund t\u00eb v\u00ebrehet\ngadishm\u00ebria e pal\u00ebve n\u00eb konflikt t\u00eb sakrifikojn\u00eb interesat e veta ekonomike dhe\nt\u00eb tjera (madje dhe jet\u00ebn) n\u00ebqoft\u00ebse e vler\u00ebsojn\u00eb se realisht ose potencialisht\niu \u00ebsht\u00eb rrezikuar identiteti. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ashtu ndodh q\u00eb sjelljet e akter\u00ebve n\u00eb konfliktin nd\u00ebretnik na\nduken iracionale, si dhe drejtp\u00ebrs\u00ebdrejti t\u00eb d\u00ebmshme p\u00ebr ata vet\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb t\u00eb\nnj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb aketer\u00ebt n\u00eb konflikt ose ato t\u00eb cil\u00ebt e mbrojn\u00eb pozicionin e tyre,\ngjejn\u00eb arsyetime p\u00ebr sjelljet e tilla duke u thirrur n\u00eb pozicionin dhe\npik\u00ebpmajet emotive, morale dhe historike, apo t\u00eb nj\u00eb sistemi t\u00eb vlerave n\u00eb\np\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cil\u00ebsia e\ntret\u00eb<\/strong> e k\u00ebtyre konflikteve lidhet me at\u00eb t\u00eb\nsip\u00ebrp\u00ebrmendurin. Prania e pasioneve dhe e ndjenjave me nj\u00eb intensitet t\u00eb\nlart\u00eb, e kusht\u00ebzon dhe e shpjegon pjes\u00ebrisht faktin se fjala \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebr tipin e\nkonflikteve q\u00eb mund t\u00eb quhet eskluziv. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ato jan\u00eb konflikte shoq\u00ebrore t\u00eb cilat parimisht i p\u00ebrkasin tipit\nt\u00eb konflikteve ose\/ose, respektivisht jan\u00eb konfliktet n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat shkalla e\neskluzivitetit \u00ebsht\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonisht e madhe, n\u00eb nj\u00ebr\u00ebn an\u00eb nd\u00ebrsa niveli i\ntoleranc\u00ebs n\u00eb an\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr, \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb i ul\u00ebt. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u00ebrndryshe, rrezikimi i identitetit social t\u00eb ndonj\u00eb grupi\nshoq\u00ebror shpie deri te reaksione t\u00eb ngjashme si dhe situata t\u00eb rrezikimit t\u00eb\nidentitetit t\u00eb individit, i cili angazhohet me t\u00ebr\u00eb fuqin\u00eb e vet p\u00ebr mbrojtjen\ne identitetit personal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                    Multikultura dhe politika<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

E kat\u00ebrta<\/strong>, cil\u00ebsi me r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi e konfliktit t\u00eb\nidentiteteve, n\u00eb kuad\u00ebr t\u00eb saj dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrleshjeve nd\u00ebrnacionale apo etnike\n\u00ebsht\u00eb edhe prania e rolit t\u00eb frik\u00ebs. Ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb frika nga tjetri, frika nga\ngrupi etnik i cili konsiderohet si kund\u00ebrshtar. Dhe sikurse n\u00eb organizimin e\nnj\u00ebriut elementet e kanosura n\u00eb situatat e rrezikshme me t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb\nsekrecion apo tajitjet e disa l\u00ebngj\u00ebve nga gj\u00ebndrrat e trupit, ashtu edhe n\u00eb\nindin shoq\u00ebror disa bashk\u00ebsi n\u00eb kushtet e frik\u00ebs bashkojn\u00eb nj\u00eb energji sociale,\ne cila pret p\u00ebr t\u00eb eksploduar. Pa marr\u00eb parasysh se a \u00ebsht\u00eb frika e arsyeshme\nose si\u00e7 ndodh\u00eb nganj\u00ebher\u00eb q\u00eb ajo t\u00eb r\u00ectrillohet dhe t\u00eb imagjinohet, ajo b\u00ebhet\nnj\u00ebsoj nj\u00eb fakt real dhe objektiv, i cili dikton sjelljen e grupeve etnike n\u00eb\nkonflikt. Konfliktet nd\u00ebretnike n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn e ish – Jugoslavis\u00eb socialiste\njan\u00eb shembull i shkoqitur dhe i qart\u00eb q\u00eb e verteton k\u00ebt\u00eb. Nj\u00eb komponent i\nr\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm i frik\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb situata e pasiguris\u00eb, e cila b\u00ebn nj\u00eb presion t\u00eb\nr\u00ebnd\u00eb n\u00eb gjendjen psikike t\u00eb njer\u00ebzve.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                             K\u00ebrkesa p\u00ebr vet\u00ebvendosje nacionale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

E p\u00ebsta,<\/strong> p\u00ebr arsye t\u00eb nj\u00eb logjike t\u00eb konflikteve t\u00eb tilla\n“krejt ose asgj\u00eb”, hap\u00ebsira p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjetur nj\u00eb em\u00ebrues t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt\nose zgjidhje kompromise \u00ebsht\u00eb rrept\u00ebsisht e zvog\u00ebluar, \u00ebsht\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb p\u00ebr ta\ndefinuar dhe m\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb p\u00ebr ta realizuar. Parimisht, ato jan\u00eb situata n\u00eb t\u00eb\ncilat minimumi i k\u00ebrkesave t\u00eb nj\u00ebr\u00ebs pal\u00eb n\u00eb konflikt k\u00ebrkon l\u00ebshime apo\nkoncesione maksimale t\u00eb pal\u00ebs tjet\u00ebr n\u00eb konflikt. Nj\u00eb shembull tipik p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb\n\u00ebsht\u00eb k\u00ebrkesa p\u00ebr vet\u00ebvendosje nacionale deri te ndarja apo shk\u00ebputja e cila n\u00eb\nhap\u00ebsir\u00ebn e ish – Jugosllavis\u00eb socialiste pal\u00ebt n\u00eb konflikt shpesh i ka prur\u00eb\nn\u00eb nj\u00eb pozicion shum\u00eb t\u00eb pavolitsh\u00ebm p\u00ebrkitazi me mund\u00ebsin\u00eb e zgjidhjes s\u00eb\nkonflikteve. P\u00ebr ish republikat e Jogosllavis\u00eb dhe ish krahin\u00ebn autonome t\u00eb\nKosov\u00ebs, t\u00eb cilat kan\u00eb d\u00ebshiruar t\u00eb b\u00ebhen shtete t\u00eb pavarura, k\u00ebrkesa p\u00ebr\nvet\u00ebvendosje, nga k\u00ebndi i shikimit t\u00eb tyre ka qen\u00eb i arsyesh\u00ebm dhe legjitim. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nga pik\u00ebpamja e\nt\u00eb gjitha atyre forcave sociale, politike, nacionale dhe ushtarake n\u00eb krye me\nudh\u00ebheq\u00ebsin\u00eb shtet\u00ebrore t\u00eb Serbis\u00eb, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt gjoja e kan\u00eb mbrojtur unitetin dhe\nsovranitetin e bashk\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb m\u00ebparshme shtet\u00ebrore Jugosllave, k\u00ebrkesat e tilla\nkan\u00eb qen\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebsuara si secesioniste dhe t\u00eb papranueshme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00cbsht\u00eb e\nkuptueshme se nd\u00ebrmjet atyre dy pik\u00ebpamjeve dhe q\u00ebndrimeve ka qen\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb q\u00eb\nt\u00eb vihet deri te zgjidhja kompromise, ashtu q\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha projektet mbi\n“federat\u00ebn asimetrike”, “federat\u00ebn – konfederat\u00ebn” dhe\n“konfederat\u00ebn” kan\u00eb d\u00ebshtuar relativisht leht\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

E gjashta<\/strong>, konfliktet e identiteteve, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht konfliktet\nnd\u00ebretnike kan\u00eb paraqitur nj\u00eb veprim t\u00eb rreziksh\u00ebm, t\u00eb d\u00ebmsh\u00ebm dhe shkat\u00ebrrues,\nt\u00eb cilat n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet nj\u00eb induksioni social i forcojn\u00eb ato ndjenja t\u00eb cilat i kan\u00eb\nnxitur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nj\u00ebra nga\nmanifestimet e saj \u00ebsht\u00eb edhe nj\u00eb zgjerim dhe p\u00ebrhapje e nj\u00eb s\u00ebmundjeje\nngjit\u00ebse t\u00eb solidaritetit t\u00eb nj\u00eb rrethi m\u00eb t\u00eb gj\u00ebr\u00eb t\u00eb popullat\u00ebs sesa ata t\u00eb\ncil\u00ebt me t\u00eb drejt\u00eb do t\u00eb mund t\u2019i quajm\u00eb nacionalist\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

E shtata<\/strong>, konfliktet etnike n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn e ish Jugosllavis\u00eb kan\u00eb\ntreguar se pjesa e atyre q\u00eb kan\u00eb marr\u00eb nj\u00eb pozicion neutral n\u00eb konflikt ka qen\u00eb\nm\u00eb i vog\u00ebl dhe se me zhvillimin e konflikteve grupacioni i till\u00eb e ka pasur\ngjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht ka qen\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb mbetet neutral atje\nku intensiteti i konflikteve ka marr\u00eb p\u00ebrmasa t\u00eb m\u00ebdha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

E teta,<\/strong> n\u00eb natyr\u00ebn dhe n\u00eb tiparet psikologjike t\u00eb k\u00ebtyre llojeve\nt\u00eb konflikteve \u00ebsht\u00eb e nd\u00ebrtuar spiralja e rritjes, t\u00eb cil\u00ebn ka qen\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb\np\u00ebr ta ndalur. Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, n\u00eb qoft\u00eb se konflikti zgjat, at\u00ebher\u00eb ai fiton\nnj\u00eb p\u00ebrkrahje sociale m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ajo m\u00eb tutje do\nt\u00eb thot\u00eb se lloji i till\u00eb i konfliktit \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb leht\u00eb t\u00eb neutralizohet apo t\u00eb\namortizohet n\u00eb fazat fillestare sesa m\u00eb von\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

E n\u00ebnta<\/strong>, konfliktet e identiteteve, n\u00eb rradh\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb konfliktet\nnd\u00ebrnacionale, fare leht\u00eb mund t\u2019i shmangen kontrollit. Historia \u00ebsht\u00eb plot\nshembuj t\u00eb cil\u00ebt tregojn\u00eb se madje edhe ata t\u00eb cil\u00ebt e kan\u00eb nisur, ose q\u00eb kan\u00eb\ndashur q\u00eb me konflikte t\u00eb tilla t\u00eb manipolojn\u00eb, pas kalimit t\u00eb nj\u00eb pragu t\u00eb\ncaktuar nuk jan\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje q\u00eb nj\u00eb konflikt t\u00eb till\u00eb ta kontrollojn\u00eb apo ta\nndalin.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nga Nik\u00eb Gashaj Implozioni i socializmit ka shkuar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb simultane me eksplodimin e nacionalizmit. Shkat\u00ebrrimi i socializmit, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht n\u00eb shoq\u00ebtrit\u00eb multietnike dhe shtetet federative, pjes\u00ebrisht ka qen\u00eb i shkaktuar, dhe gjithsesi i shpejtuar, n\u00ebn presionin e nj\u00eb vale t\u00eb re dhe t\u00eb fuqishme t\u00eb nacionalizmit. Nj\u00ebri nga historian\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb njohur, Erik Hobsbaum, nacionalzimin […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14722,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"","_seopress_titles_title":"","_seopress_titles_desc":"","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[12],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-23424","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-opinione"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23424","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=23424"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23424\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":23425,"href":"https:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23424\/revisions\/23425"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/14722"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=23424"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=23424"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=23424"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}