{"id":16118,"date":"2017-10-13T11:47:48","date_gmt":"2017-10-13T09:47:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/?p=16118"},"modified":"2017-10-13T11:48:09","modified_gmt":"2017-10-13T09:48:09","slug":"nacionalizmi-ideologjia-gjuha-sentimenti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/?p=16118","title":{"rendered":"Nacionalizmi: ideologjia, gjuha, sentimenti"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

NACIONALIZMI DHE IDENTITETI KULTUROR (I)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nik\u00eb Gashaj<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nacionalizmi: ideologjia, gjuha, sentimenti<\/strong><\/p>\n

Termi nacionaliz\u00ebm p\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb disa m\u00ebnyra. Sipas shkenc\u00ebtarit t\u00eb njohur anglez, Anton D. Smit, nacionalizmi mund t\u00eb caktoj\u00eb, em\u00ebroj\u00eb dhe tregoj\u00eb:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. procesin n\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00ebsi t\u00eb krijimit dhe t\u00eb ekzistenc\u00ebs s\u00eb kombeve ose t\u00eb shteteve nacionale;
    \n2. vet\u00ebdijen mbi p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsin\u00eb e kombit, s\u00eb bashku me sentimentet dhe synimet e drejtuara n\u00eb sigurimin dhe prosperitetin e tij;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    3.gjuh\u00ebn dhe simbolizmin e \u201ckombit\u201d dhe rolin e saj;<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. ideologjin\u00eb, duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb doktrin\u00ebn kulturore mbi kombet, d\u00ebshir\u00ebn dhe vullnetin e tyre komb\u00ebtar, si dhe dispozitat p\u00ebr send\u00ebrtimin e synimeve komb\u00ebtare;<\/li>\n
    2. l\u00ebvizjet shoq\u00ebrore dhe politike p\u00ebr arritjen e q\u00ebllimeve komb\u00ebtare dhe p\u00ebr realizimin e vullnetit t\u00eb tyre.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      M\u00eb tutje njohjet shkencore tregojn\u00eb se premisat kryesore t\u00eb ideologjis\u00eb nacionaliste mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktohen t\u00eb k\u00ebto m\u00ebnyra:<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Bota \u00ebsht\u00eb e ndar\u00eb n\u00eb kombe. Nd\u00ebrkaq, \u00e7do nj\u00ebri prej tyre e ka individualitetin, historin\u00eb dhe fatin e vet.<\/li>\n
      2. Kombi \u00ebsht\u00eb burim i t\u00ebr\u00eb forc\u00ebs dhe fuqis\u00eb shoq\u00ebrore dhe lojaliteti ndaj Kombit \u00ebsht\u00eb mbi t\u00eb gjitha lojalitetet.<\/li>\n
      3. Q\u00ebniet njer\u00ebzore duhet t\u00eb identifikohen me Kombin n\u00eb qoft\u00eb se d\u00ebshirojm\u00eb lirin\u00eb dhe demokracin\u00eb.<\/li>\n
      4. Kombet duhet t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb lira dhe t\u00eb sigurta n\u00ebse d\u00ebshirohet q\u00eb n\u00eb bot\u00eb t\u00eb mbisundoj\u00eb paqja dhe drejt\u00ebsia.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, nacionalizmi \u00ebsht\u00eb ideologji e kombit. Ai e v\u00eb kombin n\u00eb qend\u00ebr t\u00eb veprimtaris\u00eb s\u00eb vet. Ideja se kombi mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb i lir\u00eb vet\u00ebm n\u00eb qoft\u00eb se posedon shtetin e vet sovran nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e domosdoshme as universale. Nacionalist\u00ebt e hersh\u00ebm, si dhe nacionalist\u00ebt kulturor\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebvonsh\u00ebm (p.sh. Ruso, Herder, Ahada Haama, Aurobinda), nuk u ka interesuar posa\u00e7\u00ebrisht t\u00eb fituarit e shtet\u00ebsis\u00eb. Po ashtu q\u00ebllimi i \u00e7do l\u00ebvizjeje nacionaliste n\u00eb plan t\u00eb par\u00eb nuk ka qen\u00eb shtet\u00ebsia por kombi. Shum\u00eb nacionalista si Katalon, Skot dhe Flaman m\u00eb tep\u00ebr kan\u00eb qen\u00eb t\u00eb interesuar p\u00ebr vet\u00ebqeverisje dhe p\u00ebr paritit kulturor n\u00eb nj\u00eb shtet shum\u00ebkomb\u00ebsh sesa p\u00ebr nj\u00eb pavar\u00ebsi t\u00eb plot\u00eb (ndon\u00ebse n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha ato raste disa nacionalist\u00eb e kan\u00eb d\u00ebshiruar nj\u00eb pavar\u00ebsi t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb). Ideja q\u00eb \u00e7do komb duhet ta ket\u00eb shtetin e vet paraqet nj\u00eb deduksion t\u00eb zakonsh\u00ebm, por jo dhe t\u00eb domosdosh\u00ebm; nd\u00ebrsa nga ajo shihet se nacionalizmi pik\u00ebsepari \u00ebsht\u00eb doktrin\u00eb kulturore – ose, m\u00eb sakt\u00ebsisht, \u00ebsht\u00eb ideologji politike n\u00eb qend\u00ebr t\u00eb s\u00eb cil\u00ebs gjendet doktrina kulturore. Nj\u00eb doktrin\u00eb e till\u00eb kulturore, p\u00ebrs\u00ebri, varet nga konceptet , gjuh\u00ebt dhe simbolet e reja. Nacionalizmi \u00ebsht\u00eb l\u00ebvizje ideologjike p\u00ebr arritjen, ruajtjen dhe funksionimin e autonomis\u00eb, t\u00eb bashkimit dhe t\u00eb identitetit komb\u00ebtar. \u00c7donj\u00ebri nga k\u00ebto nocione rrjedh nga gjuh\u00ebt apo diskurset filozofike, historike dhe antropologjike, t\u00eb cilat n\u00eb Europe kan\u00eb z\u00ebn\u00eb fill dhe jan\u00eb krijuar n\u00eb shekullin 17 dhe 18. Fillimisht, p\u00ebr shembull, nocioni i identitetit \u00ebsht\u00eb kuptuar si \u201cnj\u00ebjt\u00ebsi\u201d. Pjes\u00ebtar\u00ebt e nj\u00eb kolektiviteti etnik kan\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn e veshjes dhe t\u00eb ushqimit t\u00eb ngjash\u00ebm dhe flasin t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn gjuh\u00eb; sipas t\u00eb gjitha atyre cil\u00ebsive dallohen prej pjes\u00ebtar\u00ebve t\u00eb grupeve t\u00eb tjera etnonacionale, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt kan\u00eb nj\u00eb veshje tjet\u00ebr dhe m\u00ebnyr\u00eb tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb ushqimit dhe t\u00eb t\u00eb folurit. Nj\u00eb tip i ngjashm\u00ebris\u00eb me at\u00eb t\u00eb pangjashm\u00ebris\u00eb e p\u00ebrb\u00ebn dhe paraqet nj\u00eb dometh\u00ebnje t\u00eb \u201cidentitetit\u201d komb\u00ebtar (V. Akzin).<\/p>\n

        Nd\u00ebrkaq, n\u00eb shekullin 18 \u00ebsht\u00eb zhvilluar nj\u00eb koncept filozofik dhe antropologjik. Nj\u00eb koncept i till\u00eb rrjedh nga ideja mbi \u201cshpirtin komb\u00ebtar\u201d, t\u00eb cilin nd\u00ebr t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt e gjejm\u00eb n\u00eb shkrimet e Lord Shaftsberis. Ideja p\u00ebr identitetin komb\u00ebtar ose, shpeshher\u00eb p\u00ebr karakterin nacional \u00ebsht\u00eb e p\u00ebrbashket p\u00ebr shkrimtar\u00ebt e shekullit 18, n\u00eb ve\u00e7anti t\u00eb Monteskiu dhe Rusoja. Ky i fundit, pik\u00ebrisht ka proklamuar: \u201crregulla e par\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebs i duhemi t\u2019i p\u00ebrmbahemi \u00ebsht\u00eb rregulla e karakterit komb\u00ebtar: \u00e7do popull ka ose duhet t\u00eb ket\u00eb ndonj\u00eb karakter; n\u00eb qoft\u00eb se nuk e ka, ne at\u00ebher\u00eb m\u00eb s\u00eb pari duhet t\u2019ia japim\u201d.<\/p>\n

        Tek autori Herder nj\u00eb parim i till\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb gurthemeli i popullizmit t\u00eb tij kulturor. Sipas autorit n\u00eb fjal\u00eb, \u00e7do komb e ka nj\u00eb frym\u00eb apo shpirt t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, n\u00eb pik\u00ebpamje t\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00ebs s\u00eb vet t\u00eb mendimit, t\u00eb veprimit dhe t\u00eb komunikimit, nd\u00ebrsa ne duhet t\u00eb mundohemi dhe t\u00eb b\u00ebjm\u00eb p\u00ebrpjekje q\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebri ta zbulojm\u00eb nj\u00eb frym\u00eb apo shpirt t\u00eb till\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashket dhe nj\u00eb identitet t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb dhe specifik, pik\u00ebrisht \u00e7doher\u00eb kur ai fundoset, p\u00ebrmbyset dhe zhduket: \u201ct\u00eb shkojm\u00eb rrug\u00ebs s\u00eb vet … l\u00ebre q\u00eb gjithkund t\u00eb flitet mir\u00eb apo keq p\u00ebr kombin ton\u00eb, let\u00ebrsin\u00eb ton\u00eb, gjuh\u00ebn ton\u00eb: ato jan\u00eb pron\u00eb e jona, vet\u00ebq\u00ebnja jon\u00eb, dhe ajo le t\u00eb mjaftoj\u00eb\u201d. K\u00ebtu q\u00ebndron r\u00ebnd\u00ebsia e zbulimit t\u00eb s\u00ebrish\u00ebm t\u00eb \u201cbashkimit kolektiv\u201d me ndihm\u00ebn e filologjis\u00eb, historis\u00eb dhe arkeologjis\u00eb, si dhe r\u00ebnd\u00ebsia e zbulimit t\u00eb rr\u00ebnj\u00ebve t\u00eb veta n\u00eb t\u00eb \u201ckaluar\u00ebn etnike\u201d, n\u00eb menyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtetohet identiteti autentik n\u00ebn shtresat, sedimentet dhe fund\u00ebrrinat shekullore t\u00eb t\u00eb huajve.<\/p>\n

        Koncepti i unitetit apo bashkimit gjithashtu ka nj\u00eb dometh\u00ebnie t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb izoterike nacionaliste. N\u00eb nj\u00eb rrafsh t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb ka t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb me bashkimin e territoreve komb\u00ebtare ose t\u00eb atdheut n\u00eb qoft\u00eb se \u00ebsht\u00eb i ndar\u00eb, si dhe n\u00eb bashkimin e t\u00eb gjith\u00eb pjes\u00ebtar\u00ebve t\u00eb kombit n\u00eb atdheun p\u00ebrkat\u00ebs. Madje edhe aty nacionalizmi e ka futur nj\u00eb ide m\u00eb tep\u00ebr filozofike: pjes\u00ebtar\u00ebt e kombit jasht\u00eb atdheut jan\u00eb konsideruar t\u00eb \u201chumbur\u201d, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht n\u00eb vendet fqinje.<\/p>\n

        N\u00eb ato vende pjes\u00ebtar\u00ebt e kombit apo pakicat komb\u00ebtare nuk kan\u00eb g\u00ebzuar lirin\u00eb e duhur dhe t\u00eb drejtat e tyre nuk kan\u00eb qen\u00eb t\u00eb mbrojtura tn\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb adekuate. E t\u00ebr\u00eb kjo nganj\u00ebher\u00eb ka \u00e7uar drejt krijimit t\u00eb l\u00ebvizjeve nacionaliste dhe iredentiste, sikurse kan\u00eb qen\u00eb l\u00ebvizjet e m\u00ebvonshme italiane, greke dhe pangjermane nga fundi i shekullit 19 dhe n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb shekullit 20.<\/p>\n

        L\u00ebvizjet e tilla kan\u00eb qen\u00eb dhe m\u00eb evidente dhe m\u00eb t\u00eb shprehura, sikund\u00ebr jan\u00eb pretendimet e Argjentin\u00ebs ndaj Malvineve, respektivisht t\u00eb Ujdhesave t\u00eb Foklandit, pretendimet e Somalis\u00eb ndaj Ogadenit, si dhe pretendimet e Organizat\u00ebs IRA ndaj Alsterit.<\/p>\n

        Mir\u00ebpo, ideali nacionalist i bashkimit e ka edhe nj\u00eb dometh\u00ebnie apo bot\u00ebkuptim. N\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn nacionaliste \u201cbashkimi\u201d p\u00ebrcakton kohezion shoq\u00ebror, vllaz\u00ebrimin e t\u00eb gjith\u00eb pjes\u00ebtar\u00ebve n\u00eb kuad\u00ebr t\u00eb kombit p\u00ebrkat\u00ebs, p\u00ebr \u00e7\u2019arsye patriot\u00ebt francez\u00eb gjat\u00eb periudh\u00ebs s\u00eb revolucionit jan\u00eb quajtur fraternite. Aty metafora familjare, mbi t\u00eb cil\u00ebn fillon koncepti gjenealogjik i kombit, p\u00ebrs\u00ebri paraqitet tani n\u00ebn nj\u00eb form\u00eb t\u00eb shenjt\u00eb, politike: si bashkim t\u00eb qytetar\u00ebve t\u00eb vllaz\u00ebruar dhe t\u00eb simbolizuar n\u00eb fotografin\u00eb e njohur t\u00eb Davidit, p\u00ebrbetimi i ashtuquajtur i Horacit, tre vellez\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebt jan\u00eb betuar n\u00eb shpat\u00ebn e babait se do t\u00eb fitojn\u00eb ose do t\u00eb vdesin p\u00ebr atdhe.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        NACIONALIZMI DHE IDENTITETI KULTUROR (I) Nik\u00eb Gashaj \u00a0 Nacionalizmi: ideologjia, gjuha, sentimenti Termi nacionaliz\u00ebm p\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb disa m\u00ebnyra. Sipas shkenc\u00ebtarit t\u00eb njohur anglez, Anton D. Smit, nacionalizmi mund t\u00eb caktoj\u00eb, em\u00ebroj\u00eb dhe tregoj\u00eb: procesin n\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00ebsi t\u00eb krijimit dhe t\u00eb ekzistenc\u00ebs s\u00eb kombeve ose t\u00eb shteteve nacionale; 2. vet\u00ebdijen mbi p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsin\u00eb e kombit, s\u00eb bashku […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14722,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"","_seopress_titles_title":"","_seopress_titles_desc":"","_seopress_robots_index":"","_seopress_analysis_target_kw":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[2,12],"tags":[1287,1180],"class_list":["post-16118","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aktualitet","category-opinione","tag-nacionalizmi","tag-nik-gashaj"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16118","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=16118"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16118\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16119,"href":"https:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16118\/revisions\/16119"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/14722"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=16118"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=16118"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=16118"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}