{"id":15773,"date":"2017-09-10T10:57:57","date_gmt":"2017-09-10T08:57:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/?p=15773"},"modified":"2017-09-10T10:57:57","modified_gmt":"2017-09-10T08:57:57","slug":"te-drejtat-kolektive-te-pakicave-kombetare","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/?p=15773","title":{"rendered":"T\u00cb DREJTAT KOLEKTIVE T\u00cb PAKICAVE KOMB\u00cbTARE"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Shkruan Nik\u00eb Gashaj<\/strong><\/p>\n

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P\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb n\u00eb historin\u00eb e shteteve shum\u00ebkomb\u00ebshe ka qen\u00eb i pranish\u00ebm koncepti mbizot\u00ebrues se n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb drejtave individuale t\u00eb qytetar\u00ebve mund t\u00eb zgjidhen dhe problemet e pozit\u00ebs s\u00eb pakicave komb\u00ebtare. Duke u nisur nga nj\u00eb logjik e till\u00eb, si dhe p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb frik\u00ebs nga pasojat t\u00eb nj\u00eb qasje t\u00eb tjet\u00ebr nd\u00ebrnacionale, jan\u00eb injoruar ose minimizuar t\u00eb drejtat kolektive t\u00eb pakicave komb\u00ebtare. Mir\u00ebpo, nj\u00eb koncepcion i till\u00eb shpesh her\u00eb ua ka dh\u00ebn\u00eb ngjarjeve politike \u00a0koloritin e p\u00ebrgjakur n\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet nd\u00ebrnacionale. Ashtu q\u00eb, gjat\u00eb shekullit 19 dhe 20 ka ardhur deri te viktimat masive t\u00eb njer\u00ebz\u00ebve n\u00eb luft\u00ebrat nd\u00ebretnike. N\u00eb bot\u00eb, q\u00eb nga lufta e Dyt\u00eb bot\u00ebrore ka pasur rreth 250 konflikte t\u00eb m\u00ebdha etnike, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat kan\u00eb humb\u00eb jet\u00ebn me qindra mija, madje dhe me miliona njer\u00ebz\u00eb.<\/p>\n

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Shum\u00eb nga shtetet t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb ballafaquar me problemet e marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieve nd\u00ebretnike kan\u00eb k\u00ebrkua dhe k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb m\u00ebnyrat sesi ato ti zgjidhin, dhe at\u00eb n\u00eb baza kushtetuese-juridike, institucionale, politike dhe praktike. Ato kan\u00eb synuar t\u00eb tejkalojn\u00eb sundimin dhe mbizot\u00ebrimin e nj\u00eb bashk\u00ebsie etnonacionale mbi t\u00eb tjerat, respektivisht t\u00eb vendosin marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnie t\u00eb bashk\u00ebpunimit dhe t\u00eb partinalitetit nd\u00ebretnik. N\u00eb at\u00eb drejtim, \u00a0me seriozitet jan\u00eb marr n\u00eb shqyrtim idet\u00eb demokratike, t\u00eb cilat parashohin domosdoshmerin\u00eb e p\u00ebrshtatshmeris\u00eb t\u00eb institucioneve t\u00eb sistemit politik situatave dhe problemeve t\u00eb ashtuquajtura t\u00eb shoq\u00ebrive t\u00eb ndara ose multinacionale. N\u00eb lidhje me at\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje hulumtuesit shkencor t\u00ebrheqin vemendjen se zgjidhjet normative dhe institucionale p\u00ebr rregullimin e t\u00eb drejtave t\u00eb pakicave \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb leht\u00eb me i gjetur m\u00eb par\u00eb se t\u00eb fillojn\u00eb konfliktet interetnike, sepse kur t\u00eb ndollin trazirat dhe p\u00ebrleshjet nd\u00ebrnacionale, at\u00ebher\u00eb as ato zgjidhje t\u00eb cilat m\u00eb par\u00eb ndoshta kishin qen\u00eb t\u00eb mundshme, pastaj nuk k\u00ebnaqin m\u00eb as nj\u00ebr\u00ebn pal\u00eb n\u00eb konflikt. \u00a0Gjithashtu, nj\u00eb rol me r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi e ka dhe vet\u00ebdija etnike dhe paraftyrimi apo imagjinata e ndonj\u00eb grupi p\u00ebr vetin, mbi ve\u00e7orit\u00eb etnike, nacionale, fetare t\u00eb identitetit. Paraftyrimet e tilla p\u00ebrshkojn\u00eb jet\u00ebn e antar\u00ebve t\u00eb grupit dhe ato jan\u00eb me r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi pa marr parasysh, ose pik\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr at\u00eb, q\u00eb n\u00eb to mund t\u00eb gjinden paragjykime t\u00eb m\u00ebdha, paraftyrime dhe ndjenja t\u00eb gabuara, elemente mitike, iracionale dhe bot\u00ebkuptime t\u00eb nj\u00ebanshme etj. Natyrisht se nj\u00eb gj\u00ebndje e till\u00eb e vet\u00ebdijes dhe kultur\u00ebs etnike, ve\u00e7enarisht kur ndonj\u00eb etnicitet vepron dhe mendon nga pozita etnocentrike dhe t\u00eb nacionalizmit ekstrem e v\u00ebshtir\u00ebson zgjidhjen e drejt\u00eb t\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieve nd\u00ebretnike.<\/p>\n

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N\u00eb k\u00ebrkimin e kompromisit, nj\u00eb model i zgjidhjes \u00ebsht\u00eb i gjetur n\u00eb nenin 27 t\u00eb Paktit Nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar\u00a0 p\u00ebr t\u00eb Drejtat Civile dhe Politike (1966) i cili flet\u00eb se n\u00eb shtetet ku ekzistojn\u00eb pakicat etnike, fetare ose gjuh\u00ebsore, nuk mund tu ndalohen t\u00eb drejtat personave t\u00eb cil\u00ebt u p\u00ebrkasin atyre pakicave, q\u00eb n\u00eb bashk\u00ebsi me pjestar\u00ebt tjer\u00eb t\u00eb grupit t\u00eb vet, t\u00eb shfryt\u00ebzojn\u00eb dhe t\u00eb g\u00ebzojn\u00eb t\u00eb drejtat sikurse jan\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimi i gjuh\u00ebs dhe kultur\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre etj. Me at\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktim t\u00eb nenit t\u00eb lartpermendur ithtar\u00ebt e t\u00eb drejtave kolektive fitojn\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetjen p\u00ebr shfryt\u00ebzimin e tyre n\u00eb praktik\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, ky nen \u00ebsht\u00eb instrument i mbrojtjes s\u00eb grupit, respektivisht p\u00ebrmban elemente t\u00eb mbrojtjes t\u00eb grupit, dhe si i till\u00eb ai me t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb ua p\u00ebrcakton t\u00eb drejtat kolektive pjestar\u00ebve t\u00eb pakicave komb\u00ebtare.<\/p>\n

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Formulimi i nenit t\u00eb lart\u00ebpermendur 27 ka q\u00ebn\u00eb shembull i dokumentave t\u00eb tjera nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare. Solucionin e tij e marrin, nd\u00ebr t\u00eb tjerat, Deklarata e Komb\u00ebve t\u00eb Bashkuara p\u00ebr t\u00eb drejtat e personave q\u00eb u p\u00ebrkasin pakicave komb\u00ebtare, etnike, fetare dhe gjuh\u00ebsore(1992), dokumenti i Mbledhjes s\u00eb Kopenhagenit t\u00eb Konferenc\u00ebs mbi Dimensionin Njer\u00ebzor t\u00eb KSBE 1990, \u00a0Rekomandimi i K\u00ebshillit t\u00eb Europ\u00ebs, nr. 1201\/1993, Konventa Kuad\u00ebr p\u00ebr Mbrojtjen e Pakicave Komb\u00ebtare (1995.). Deklarata e sip\u00ebrp\u00ebrmendur e KB, si dhe Konventa Kuad\u00ebr e K\u00ebshillit t\u00eb Evrop\u00ebs i v\u00ebn\u00eb dhe vet pakicat si grupe ( e jo vet\u00ebm pjestar\u00ebt e tyre) si adresa t\u00eb t\u00eb drejtave dhe t\u00eb mbrojtjes. N\u00eb nenin 2, t\u00eb Deklarat\u00ebs, t\u00eb KB, nd\u00ebt t\u00eb tjerat thuhet:\u201d Personat q\u00eb u p\u00ebrkasin pakicave komb\u00ebtare, etnike, fetare dhe gjuh\u00ebsore kan\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn p\u00ebr t\u00eb g\u00ebzuar kultur\u00ebn e tyre, t\u00eb predikojn\u00eb e t\u00eb ushtrojn\u00eb fen\u00eb e vet dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin gjuh\u00ebn e vet n\u00eb jet\u00ebn private dhe n\u00eb at\u00eb publike, lirisht dhe pa asnj\u00eb nd\u00ebrhyrje dhe diskriminim. Personat q\u00eb u p\u00ebrkasin pakicave kan\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb pjes\u00eb plot\u00ebsisht n\u00eb jet\u00ebn kulturore, fetare, sociale, ekonomike dhe publike\u201d.\u00a0 Nj\u00eb formulim t\u00eb ngjajsh\u00ebm e ka pranua dhe Konventa Kuad\u00ebr n\u00eb nenin1 t\u00eb saj e cila ve\u00e7enarisht i apostrofon pakicat komb\u00ebtare si objekt t\u00eb mbrojtjes, respektivisht t\u00eb personave t\u00eb cil\u00ebt u p\u00ebrkasin atyre pakicave.<\/p>\n

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T\u00eb drejtat kolektive t\u00eb pakicave komb\u00ebtare jan\u00eb:\u00a0 e drejta e p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs amtare dhe t\u00eb alfabetit;\u00a0 e drejta e shkollimit n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn amtare;\u00a0 e drejta e kultivimit t\u00eb kultur\u00ebs nacionale dhe t\u00eb tradit\u00ebs; e drejta e informimit n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn amtare; e drejta e pjes\u00ebmarrjes efikase t\u00eb pakicave komb\u00ebtare n\u00eb jet\u00ebn publike; e drejta e kremtimit t\u00eb festave komb\u00ebtare dhe fetare t\u00eb pakicave; e drejta e p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb simboleve komb\u00ebtare. N\u00eb radh\u00ebn e t\u00eb drejtave kolektive\u00a0 b\u00ebjn\u00eb\u00a0 pjes\u00eb dhe vet\u00ebqeverisjet e ndryshme t\u00eb pakicave, respektivisht t\u00eb autonomive.<\/p>\n

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N\u00eb shtetet multietnike t\u00eb Evrop\u00ebs bashk\u00ebkohore, modelet m\u00eb t\u00eb shpeshta t\u00eb mbrojtjes s\u00eb pakicave jan\u00eb: autonomia territoriale-politike, autonomia personale dhe autonomia kulturore. Nj\u00eb em\u00ebrues i p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt i t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebtyre modeleve t\u00eb mbrojtjes s\u00eb pakicave q\u00ebndron n\u00eb aspektin q\u00eb ato t\u2019u mund\u00ebsojn\u00eb pakicave nj\u00eb shkall\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar t\u00eb\u00a0 vet\u00ebqeverisjes n\u00eb ato fusha dhe l\u00ebmenj q\u00eb jan\u00eb vendimtar\u00eb p\u00ebr ekzistenc\u00ebn e pakicave, t\u00eb\u00a0 identitetit t\u00eb tyre t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb komb\u00ebtar dhe kulturor. K\u00ebto parime, n\u00eb shumic\u00ebn e rasteve,\u00a0 jan\u00eb t\u00eb garantuara n\u00eb nivelin kushtetues apo me ligje t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta dhe n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb paraqesin garanci, se shumica etnike nuk do t\u00eb mund t\u00eb keqp\u00ebrdorin demokracin\u00eb dhe interesat\u00a0 veta t\u2019ua imponoj\u00eb, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebanshme, pakicave komb\u00ebtare.<\/p>\n

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Karakteri kolektiv t\u00eb k\u00ebtyre t\u00eb drejtave rrjedh nga fakti se ato u garantohen jo vet\u00ebm personave, por t\u00eb gjith\u00eb antar\u00ebve t\u00eb pakic\u00ebs si bashk\u00ebsi p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse kolektive nacionale, nd\u00ebrsa shfryt\u00ebzimi apo g\u00ebzimi i tyre, nga ana tjet\u00ebr, m\u00eb s\u00eb shumti \u00ebsht\u00eb i pamundsh\u00ebm p\u00ebrpa kontakt me antar\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00eb t\u00eb grupit. Gjithashtu, \u00ebsht\u00eb e njohur\u00a0 proverba, se njeriu para s\u00eb gjithash \u00ebsht\u00eb qenie shoq\u00ebrore. Rrethi shoq\u00ebror, njer\u00ebzit tjer\u00eb jan\u00eb supozime t\u00eb formimit dhe ekzistenc\u00ebs s\u00eb njeriut. Interaksioni me rrethin social, dmth. me njerz\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00eb, paraqet faktor me r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi p\u00ebr formimin e njeriut si qenie humane, me ve\u00e7ori dalluese\u00a0 \u2013 me t\u00eb folur, me vlera, ndijenja, vet\u00ebdije, dhe gjithsesi me akumilimin e dijes s\u00eb gjeneratave t\u00eb m\u00eb parshme, dmth. t\u00eb koh\u00ebs s\u00eb kaluar.<\/p>\n

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Gjat\u00eb tri dekadave t\u00eb fundit, t\u00eb drejtat kolektive fitojn\u00eb njohje t\u00eb gj\u00ebra. Sipas fjal\u00ebve t\u00eb autorit t\u00eb njohur t\u00eb izraelit Lernerit\u201d Bashk\u00ebsia nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00eb e vetdijshme\u00a0 se rregulla o mosdiskriminimit dhe sistemi i p\u00ebrqendruar n\u00eb individ nuk jan\u00eb t\u00eb mjaftueshme as p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbrojtur t\u00eb drejtat e individ\u00ebve si antar\u00eb t\u00eb grupit as p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbrojtur \u00a0grupet\u201d. Nj\u00eb q\u00ebndrim t\u00eb till\u00eb e vertetojn\u00eb gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb shum\u00eb autor\u00eb (F. Caportorti, P. Tor Be rry, Th.Vaiter, G. Sacerdoti, F. Ermasaga, Y. Dinstein, O. Kimminich, W. Kymlika, H. Poultoni, etj.).<\/p>\n

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Juristi i njohur amerikan, Adis, vjen madje deri te p\u00ebrfundimi ,\u201d se m\u00ebnyra e vetme p\u00ebr\u00a0 tu kuptuar \u00a0koncepti i t\u00eb drejtave t\u00eb pakicave, \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb ato t\u00eb\u00a0 t\u00eb trajtohen si t\u00eb drejta t\u00eb grupit\u201d, pra kolektive.<\/p>\n

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P\u00ebrfundim:<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00ebsht\u00eb evident fakti se n\u00eb nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb konsideruesh\u00ebm t\u00eb shteteve \u2013 de iure ose de facto \u2013 jan\u00eb t\u00eb njohura t\u00eb drejtat p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse kolektive t\u00eb pakicave. Pastaj, \u00a0t\u00eb drejtat nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare\u00a0 p\u00ebrmbajin dhe \u00a0t\u00eb drejtat kolektive t\u00eb pakicave. Gjithashtu, autoritetet shkencore q\u00eb nga Prendimi deri n\u00eb Lindje\u00a0 t\u00ebrheqin vemendjen p\u00ebr domosdoshmerin\u00eb e sigurimit\u00a0 dhe garantimit t\u00eb t\u00eb drejtave kolektive\u00a0 t\u00eb pakicave n\u00eb shtetet multinacionale.<\/p>\n

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N\u00eb esenc\u00eb \u00e7do e drejt\u00eb e ka dimensionin kolektiv. Sikurse nj\u00eb njeri e p\u00ebrdor\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn p\u00ebr t\u00eb komunikua me t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt t\u00eb cil\u00ebt at\u00eb gjuh\u00eb e njohin,\u00a0 ashtu as shprehja e lir\u00eb, bashkimi, shoq\u00ebrimit etj. nuk mund t\u00eb param\u00ebndohen p\u00ebrpa t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt. Dhe m\u00eb n\u00eb fund, njeriu nuk mund t\u00eb k\u00ebnaqet n\u00eb t\u00eb drejtat individuale, a nj\u00ebkosisht t\u00eb jet\u00eb antar i grupit etnik t\u00eb shtypur apo t\u00eb privuar nga t\u00eb drejtat ligjore, ose t\u00eb pakic\u00ebs s\u00eb rrezikuar komb\u00ebtare.<\/p>\n

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\u00a0 \u00a0 Shkruan Nik\u00eb Gashaj   P\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb n\u00eb historin\u00eb e shteteve shum\u00ebkomb\u00ebshe ka qen\u00eb i pranish\u00ebm koncepti mbizot\u00ebrues se n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb drejtave individuale t\u00eb qytetar\u00ebve mund t\u00eb zgjidhen dhe problemet e pozit\u00ebs s\u00eb pakicave komb\u00ebtare. Duke u nisur nga nj\u00eb logjik e till\u00eb, si dhe p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb frik\u00ebs nga […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14722,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"","_seopress_titles_title":"","_seopress_titles_desc":"","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[2,12],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-15773","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aktualitet","category-opinione"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15773","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=15773"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15773\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15774,"href":"https:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15773\/revisions\/15774"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/14722"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=15773"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=15773"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulqini-online.com\/sajti\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=15773"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}